Introduction to C

• Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs.
• General-purpose, procedural programming language.
• Known for its efficiency and control over system resources.

Basic Structure of a C Program

Data Types in C

Operators in C

1. Arithmetic Operators: + - * / %
2. Relational Operators: == != > < >= <=
3. Logical Operators: && || !
4. Bitwise Operators: & | ^ ~ << >>
5. Assignment Operators: = += -= *= /= %=

Control Statements

• Conditional Statements

  c

   

  if (condition) {
// Code
} else if (condition) {
// Code
} else {
// Code
}


• Looping Statements

  • For Loop
    
    c

     

    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

  • While Loop
    
    c

     

    int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
}

  • Do-While Loop
    
    c

     

    int i = 0;
do {
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);


Functions in C

• Syntax of Function
  
  c

   

  return_type function_name(parameters) {
// Code
return value;
}

• Example of a Function
  
  c

   

  int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}


Arrays in C

• Declaration & Initialization
  
  c

   

  int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

• Accessing Elements
  
  c

   

  printf("%d", arr[0]); // Output: 1


Pointers in C

• Definition: A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.
• Example
  
  c

   

  int a = 10;
int *p = &a; // Pointer to 'a'
printf("%d", *p); // Output: 10


Structures in C

• Used to store multiple variables of different data types together.
  
  c

   

  struct Student {
int id;
char name[20];
};


File Handling in C

• Writing to a File
  
  c

   

  FILE *fptr;
fptr = fopen("file.txt", "w");
fprintf(fptr, "Hello, File!");
fclose(fptr);

• Reading from a File
  
  c

   

  FILE *fptr;
char data[100];
fptr = fopen("file.txt", "r");
fgets(data, 100, fptr);
printf("%s", data);
fclose(fptr);


Introduction to C++

• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979.
• An extension of C with Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) features.
• Supports both procedural and object-oriented paradigms.

Basic Structure of a C++ Program

Data Types in C++

Input/Output in C++

Operators in C++

1. Arithmetic Operators: + - * / %
2. Relational Operators: == != > < >= <=
3. Logical Operators: && || !
4. Bitwise Operators: & | ^ ~ << >>
5. Assignment Operators: = += -= *= /= %=

Control Statements

• Conditional Statements

  cpp

   

  if (condition) {
// Code
} else if (condition) {
// Code
} else {
// Code
}


• Looping Statements

  • For Loop
    
    cpp

     

    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
cout << i << " ";
}

  • While Loop
    
    cpp

     

    int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
cout << i << " ";
i++;
}

  • Do-While Loop
    
    cpp

     

    int i = 0;
do {
cout << i << " ";
i++;
} while (i < 5);


Functions in C++

Arrays in C++

Pointers in C++

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects

Constructors and Destructors

Inheritance in C++

Polymorphism in C++

File Handling in C++

Introduction to Java

• Developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (1995).
• Platform-independent (Write Once, Run Anywhere – WORA).
• Object-Oriented, secure, and multi-threaded.

Basic Structure of a Java Program

Data Types in Java

Input/Output in Java

Operators in Java

1. Arithmetic Operators: + - * / %
2. Relational Operators: == != > < >= <=
3. Logical Operators: && || !
4. Bitwise Operators: & | ^ ~ << >>
5. Assignment Operators: = += -= *= /= %=

Control Statements

• Conditional Statements

  java

   

  if (condition) {
// Code
} else if (condition) {
// Code
} else {
// Code
}


• Looping Statements

  • For Loop
    
    java

     

    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

  • While Loop
    
    java

     

    int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

  • Do-While Loop
    
    java

     

    int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);


Methods in Java

Arrays in Java

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java

Classes and Objects

Constructors in Java

Inheritance in Java

Polymorphism in Java

Interfaces in Java

Exception Handling in Java

File Handling in Java

• Writing to a File

• Reading from a File

Introduction to Python

• Developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991.
• High-level, interpreted, and dynamically typed programming language.
• Easy to learn and widely used for web development, data science, AI, automation, and more.

Basic Structure of a Python Program

Data Types in Python

Input/Output in Python

Operators in Python

1. Arithmetic Operators: + - * / % ** //
2. Comparison Operators: == != > < >= <=
3. Logical Operators: and or not
4. Bitwise Operators: & | ^ ~ << >>
5. Assignment Operators: = += -= *= /= %=

Control Statements

• Conditional Statements

  python

   

  age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
elif age >= 13:
print("Teenager")
else:
print("Child")


• Looping Statements

  • For Loop
    
    python

     

    for i in range(5):
print(i)

  • While Loop
    
    python

     

    i = 0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1


Functions in Python

Lists in Python

Tuples in Python

Dictionaries in Python

Sets in Python

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python

Classes and Objects

Inheritance in Python

Polymorphism in Python

Exception Handling in Python

File Handling in Python

• Writing to a File

• Reading from a File

Lambda Functions

List Comprehension

Multithreading in Python

Web Scraping with BeautifulSoup

Working with APIs (Requests Library)

1. Introduction to JavaScript

• JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted, dynamic programming language.

• It is used for web development, server-side scripting, game development, and more.

• Runs in the browser and can interact with HTML & CSS.

2. JavaScript Basics

Variables

• Declared using var, let, and const.

Data Types

• Primitive: Number, String, Boolean, Null, Undefined, Symbol, BigInt

• Reference: Object, Array, Function

Operators

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %, ++, --

• Comparison: ==, ===, !=, !==, >, <, >=, <=

• Logical: &&, ||, !

• Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

• Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

3. Control Structures

Conditional Statements

Loops

4. Functions

Function Declaration

Arrow Function

Anonymous Function

5. Arrays & Objects

Array Methods

Object Methods

6. DOM Manipulation

7. Events in JavaScript

8. Asynchronous JavaScript

setTimeout & setInterval

Promises & Async/Await

1. Introduction to HTML

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages.
• It structures web content using elements and tags.

2. Basic Structure of an HTML Document

html

CopyEdit

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

    <title>My First Web Page</title>

</head>

<body>

    <h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>

    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

• <!DOCTYPE html> → Declares document type (HTML5).
• <html> → Root element of an HTML page.
• <head> → Contains meta-information (title, styles, etc.).
• <title> → Defines the title of the page (shown in the browser tab).
• <body> → Contains the visible content of the webpage.

3. Common HTML Tags

4. HTML Forms

• Used to collect user input.
• Example:

html

CopyEdit

<form action=”submit.php” method=”post”>

    <label for=”name”>Name:</label>

    <input type=”text” id=”name” name=”name”>

    <input type=”submit” value=”Submit”>

</form>

5. HTML Attributes

• Provide additional information about an element.
• Example:

html

CopyEdit

<a href=”https://example.com” target=”_blank”>Visit Example</a>

• href → Specifies the link address.
• target=”_blank” → Opens the link in a new tab.

6. HTML Media Elements

• Images: <img src=”image.jpg” alt=”description”>
• Videos:

html

CopyEdit

<video width=”320″ height=”240″ controls>

    <source src=”video.mp4″ type=”video/mp4″>

</video>

• Audio:

html

CopyEdit

<audio controls>

    <source src=”audio.mp3″ type=”audio/mpeg”>

</audio>

7. Semantic HTML

• Improves readability & SEO. | Tag | Purpose | |——|———| | <header> | Defines a header | | <nav> | Navigation links | | <section> | A section of content | | <article> | Independent content block | | <aside> | Sidebar content | | <footer> | Footer section |

8. HTML Comments

html

CopyEdit

<!– This is a comment –>

9. HTML5 Features

• New Input Types: email, date, range, etc.
• Canvas for Graphics: <canvas></canvas>
• Geolocation API
• Local Storage (localStorage, sessionStorage)

1. Introduction to CSS

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML elements.

• It controls the layout, colors, fonts, and responsiveness of a webpage.

2. Ways to Apply CSS

There are three ways to apply CSS:

1. Inline CSS (Inside HTML elements)

   html

   <p style="color: blue;">This is a blue paragraph.</p>


2. Internal CSS (Inside <style> tag in <head>)

   html

   <style>
p { color: blue; }
</style>


3. External CSS (Using a separate .css file)

   • style.css file:

     css

     p { color: blue; }


   • Link it in HTML:

     html

     <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">


3. CSS Selectors

4. CSS Properties

Text & Font Styling

Box Model (Margin, Border, Padding)

• width & height: Defines size.

• padding: Space inside the border.

• border: Defines a border.

• margin: Space outside the border.

Backgrounds

Display & Positioning

Flexbox (For Layouts)

Grid Layout

CSS Transitions & Animations

5. Responsive Design

Media Queries

Flexbox for Responsive Layouts

✅ 1. Introduction to DSA

What is DSA?

DSA is a combination of Data Structures (how data is organized) and Algorithms (steps to solve problems).

Mastering DSA helps in problem-solving, coding interviews, and system design.

🧱 2. Types of Data Structures

A. Linear Data Structures

B. Non-Linear Data Structures

🛠 3. Common Algorithms

Sorting Algorithms

Searching Algorithms

🔢 4. Array

Example

Time Complexities

🔗 5. Linked List

• Singly, Doubly, Circular

• Dynamic memory allocation

Node Example (Python)

🥞 6. Stack

• LIFO: Push, Pop, Peek

Example

🚶 7. Queue

• FIFO: Enqueue, Dequeue

Example

🌲 8. Trees

• Binary Tree, BST, AVL Tree, Heap

Tree Traversals

• Inorder (Left, Root, Right)

• Preorder (Root, Left, Right)

• Postorder (Left, Right, Root)

• Level Order (BFS)

🌐 9. Graphs

• Nodes connected by edges

• Directed or Undirected

• Represented by:

  • Adjacency Matrix

  • Adjacency List

Traversal

• BFS (Breadth First Search)

• DFS (Depth First Search)

📊 10. Hashing

• Hash Table: Key-value storage

• Python Example: dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

⏱ 11. Time and Space Complexity

Big O Notation

🔍 12. Recursion & Backtracking

Recursion Example

Backtracking is used in problems like:
✔ N-Queens
✔ Sudoku Solver
✔ Maze Path Finder

🚀 13. Greedy Algorithms

• Always pick local optimal hoping for global optimal

• Used in:
  ✔ Activity Selection
  ✔ Fractional Knapsack
  ✔ Huffman Encoding

💥 14. Dynamic Programming (DP)

• Solves overlapping subproblems using memoization or tabulation

• Used in:
  ✔ Fibonacci
  ✔ 0/1 Knapsack
  ✔ Longest Common Subsequence

📐 15. Divide & Conquer

• Divide problem → Solve subproblems → Combine results

• Examples:
  ✔ Merge Sort
  ✔ Quick Sort
  ✔ Binary Search

📦 16. Practice Platforms

• LeetCode

• HackerRank

• Codeforces

• GeeksforGeeks

• InterviewBit

📚 Summary Table

1. Introduction to Full Stack Development

A Full Stack Developer works on both frontend (UI) and backend (server, database).

Technology Stack:

1. Frontend: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React/Angular

2. Backend: Java, Spring Boot

3. Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB

4. Version Control: Git, GitHub

5. Build Tools: Maven, Gradle

6. Deployment: Docker, AWS, Jenkins

2. Frontend Development (UI Layer)

HTML (Structure)

• Creates the webpage layout.

• Common tags: <div>, <span>, <h1>, <p>, <img>, <a>, <table>, <form>.

CSS (Styling)

• Adds design and layout.

• Important concepts: Box model, Flexbox, Grid, Media Queries.

• Example:

  css

  .button {
background-color: blue;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
}


JavaScript (Interactivity)

• Used for dynamic content & client-side logic.

• Common concepts: DOM Manipulation, ES6+, Event Handling, Async/Await.

• Example:

  js

  document.getElementById("btn").addEventListener("click", function() {
alert("Button Clicked!");
});


Frontend Frameworks

React.js

• Component-based UI library.

• Uses JSX, Props, State, Hooks.

• Example:

  jsx

  function App() {
return <h1>Hello World!</h1>;
}
export default App;


Angular

• Uses TypeScript, Two-way Binding, Directives, Services.

3. Backend Development (Server Layer)

Core Java Concepts

• OOPs Principles: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.

• Collections Framework: List, Set, Map.

• Multithreading & Exception Handling.

• Java 8 Features: Streams, Lambda Expressions, Functional Interfaces.

Spring Boot (Java Framework)

• Used for building REST APIs & Microservices.

• Features: Dependency Injection, Auto Configuration, Embedded Servers.

Creating a Spring Boot Application

1. Spring Boot Setup (via Spring Initializr).

2. Main Class (@SpringBootApplication)

   java

   @SpringBootApplication
public class MyApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MyApplication.class, args);
}
}


3. REST API Example (@RestController)

   java

   @RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class HelloController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String sayHello() {
return "Hello, Full Stack Developer!";
}
}


4. Service Layer (@Service)

   java

   @Service
public class UserService {
public String getUser() {
return "John Doe";
}
}


5. Data Layer (Spring JPA)

   java

   @Entity
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
}


Spring Boot Features

• Spring MVC (Web Development).

• Spring Security (Authentication & Authorization).

• Spring Data JPA (Database Interaction).

4. Database (Persistence Layer)

SQL Databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL)

• Creating a Table:

  sql

  CREATE TABLE users (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(50),
email VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE
);


• CRUD Operations:

  sql

  INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Alice', 'alice@example.com');
SELECT * FROM users;
UPDATE users SET name='Bob' WHERE id=1;
DELETE FROM users WHERE id=1;


Spring Boot & Database Integration

• Spring Data JPA (Repository)

  java

  @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
Optional<User> findByName(String name);
}


NoSQL Database (MongoDB)

• JSON-like structure, Scalable.

• Example:

  json

  {
"id": 1,
"name": "Alice",
"email": "alice@example.com"
}


5. Tools & DevOps

Git & GitHub (Version Control)

• Commands:

  sh

  git init
git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"
git push origin main


Maven & Gradle (Build Tools)

• Maven pom.xml

  xml

  <dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>


REST API Testing (Postman)

• Used to test APIs before frontend integration.

Docker (Containerization)

• Dockerfile Example:

  dockerfile

  FROM openjdk:11
COPY target/app.jar app.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]


CI/CD (Jenkins, GitHub Actions)

• Automates build & deployment.

6. Full Stack Project Example

Stack:

• Frontend: React

• Backend: Spring Boot

• Database: MySQL

Workflow:

1. Frontend (React) Calls API

   js

   fetch("http://localhost:8080/api/users")
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => console.log(data));


2. Backend (Spring Boot API)

   java

   @RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
@Autowired private UserService userService;

   @GetMapping
   public List<User> getUsers() {
   return userService.getAllUsers();
   }
   }

3. Database (MySQL)

   • Stores user data.

7. Summary

1. Introduction to Full Stack Development

A Full Stack Developer works on both frontend (UI) and backend (server, database).

Technology Stack:

1. Frontend: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React/Angular

2. Backend: Java, Spring Boot

3. Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB

4. Version Control: Git, GitHub

5. Build Tools: Maven, Gradle

6. Deployment: Docker, AWS, Jenkins

2. Frontend Development (UI Layer)

HTML (Structure)

• Creates the webpage layout.

• Common tags: <div>, <span>, <h1>, <p>, <img>, <a>, <table>, <form>.

CSS (Styling)

• Adds design and layout.

• Important concepts: Box model, Flexbox, Grid, Media Queries.

• Example:

  css

  .button {
background-color: blue;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
}


JavaScript (Interactivity)

• Used for dynamic content & client-side logic.

• Common concepts: DOM Manipulation, ES6+, Event Handling, Async/Await.

• Example:

  js

  document.getElementById("btn").addEventListener("click", function() {
alert("Button Clicked!");
});


Frontend Frameworks

React.js

• Component-based UI library.

• Uses JSX, Props, State, Hooks.

• Example:

  jsx

  function App() {
return <h1>Hello World!</h1>;
}
export default App;


Angular

• Uses TypeScript, Two-way Binding, Directives, Services.

3. Backend Development (Server Layer)

Core Java Concepts

• OOPs Principles: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.

• Collections Framework: List, Set, Map.

• Multithreading & Exception Handling.

• Java 8 Features: Streams, Lambda Expressions, Functional Interfaces.

Spring Boot (Java Framework)

• Used for building REST APIs & Microservices.

• Features: Dependency Injection, Auto Configuration, Embedded Servers.

Creating a Spring Boot Application

1. Spring Boot Setup (via Spring Initializr).

2. Main Class (@SpringBootApplication)

   java

   @SpringBootApplication
public class MyApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MyApplication.class, args);
}
}


3. REST API Example (@RestController)

   java

   @RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class HelloController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String sayHello() {
return "Hello, Full Stack Developer!";
}
}


4. Service Layer (@Service)

   java

   @Service
public class UserService {
public String getUser() {
return "John Doe";
}
}


5. Data Layer (Spring JPA)

   java

   @Entity
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
}


Spring Boot Features

• Spring MVC (Web Development).

• Spring Security (Authentication & Authorization).

• Spring Data JPA (Database Interaction).

4. Database (Persistence Layer)

SQL Databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL)

• Creating a Table:

  sql

  CREATE TABLE users (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(50),
email VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE
);


• CRUD Operations:

  sql

  INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Alice', 'alice@example.com');
SELECT * FROM users;
UPDATE users SET name='Bob' WHERE id=1;
DELETE FROM users WHERE id=1;


Spring Boot & Database Integration

• Spring Data JPA (Repository)

  java

  @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
Optional<User> findByName(String name);
}


NoSQL Database (MongoDB)

• JSON-like structure, Scalable.

• Example:

  json

  {
"id": 1,
"name": "Alice",
"email": "alice@example.com"
}


5. Tools & DevOps

Git & GitHub (Version Control)

• Commands:

  sh

  git init
git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"
git push origin main


Maven & Gradle (Build Tools)

• Maven pom.xml

  xml

  <dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>


REST API Testing (Postman)

• Used to test APIs before frontend integration.

Docker (Containerization)

• Dockerfile Example:

  dockerfile

  FROM openjdk:11
COPY target/app.jar app.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]


CI/CD (Jenkins, GitHub Actions)

• Automates build & deployment.

6. Full Stack Project Example

Stack:

• Frontend: React

• Backend: Spring Boot

• Database: MySQL

Workflow:

1. Frontend (React) Calls API

   js

   fetch("http://localhost:8080/api/users")
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => console.log(data));


2. Backend (Spring Boot API)

   java

   @RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
@Autowired private UserService userService;

   @GetMapping
   public List<User> getUsers() {
   return userService.getAllUsers();
   }
   }

3. Database (MySQL)

   • Stores user data.

7. Summary

1. Introduction to MERN Stack

MERN is a JavaScript-based full stack for building web applications.

Technology Stack:

1. Frontend: React.js (UI)

2. Backend: Node.js & Express.js (Server)

3. Database: MongoDB (NoSQL)

4. Version Control: Git, GitHub

5. Build Tools: npm, Webpack

6. Deployment: Docker, AWS, Heroku

2. Frontend Development (React.js)

React Basics

• Component-based UI library.

• Uses JSX, Props, State, Hooks.

• Example:

  jsx

  function App() {
return <h1>Hello MERN Stack!</h1>;
}
export default App;


• Folder Structure:

  css

  myapp/
├── src/
│ ├── components/
│ ├── pages/
│ ├── App.js
│ ├── index.js


React State & Props

React Hooks (useState, useEffect)

React Router

3. Backend Development (Node.js + Express.js)

Setting up a Node.js & Express Server

• Basic Express Server (server.js)

  js

  const express = require("express");
const app = express();

  app.get(“/”, (req, res) => {
  res.send(“Hello from Express!”);
  });

   

  app.listen(5000, () => {
console.log("Server running on port 5000");
});


• Middleware Example

  js

  const cors = require("cors");
app.use(cors());
app.use(express.json());


4. Database (MongoDB + Mongoose)

MongoDB Concepts

• NoSQL Database

• Collections (Tables)

• Documents (Rows)

• Schema (Structure)

Connecting MongoDB with Node.js

Creating a Mongoose Model

CRUD Operations

5. REST API Development

Creating a REST API

6. Connecting Frontend to Backend

Fetching Data from API in React

7. Authentication (JWT)

Installing JWT

User Authentication API

8. Deployment

Deploying Frontend (React)

• Upload build/ folder to Netlify or Vercel.

Deploying Backend (Node.js)

Dockerizing the MERN Stack

• Dockerfile (Backend)

  dockerfile

  FROM node:14
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm install
CMD ["node", "server.js"]


9. Summary

1. Introduction to Digital Marketing

Digital Marketing refers to online marketing techniques used to promote businesses, brands, and products through digital channels like websites, social media, search engines, and emails.

Types of Digital Marketing

1. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

2. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising

3. Social Media Marketing (SMM)

4. Content Marketing

5. Email Marketing

6. Affiliate Marketing

7. Influencer Marketing

8. Video Marketing

2. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

SEO is the process of improving a website’s ranking on Google, Bing, Yahoo to get organic traffic.

Types of SEO

1. On-Page SEO – Optimizing content, keywords, and HTML.

2. Off-Page SEO – Backlinks, social signals, guest posting.

3. Technical SEO – Website speed, mobile-friendliness, schema markup.

Important SEO Factors

✔ Keyword Research (Google Keyword Planner, Ahrefs, SEMrush)
✔ Title & Meta Descriptions (Optimized for keywords)
✔ URL Structure (example.com/best-digital-marketing-tips)
✔ Internal Linking & Backlinks (Quality links improve ranking)
✔ Website Speed & Mobile Optimization (Use Google PageSpeed Insights)

SEO Tools

• Google Analytics

• Google Search Console

• Ahrefs

• SEMrush

• Yoast SEO (for WordPress)

3. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising

PPC is a paid advertising model where advertisers pay when users click on their ads.

Popular PPC Platforms

• Google Ads (Search & Display Ads)

• Facebook & Instagram Ads

• YouTube Ads

• LinkedIn Ads

Google Ads Structure

1. Campaign (Objective-based)

2. Ad Groups (Keyword-targeted)

3. Ads (Text, Image, Video)

Key PPC Metrics

✔ CPC (Cost Per Click)
✔ CTR (Click-Through Rate)
✔ Quality Score (Google ranks ads based on relevance)
✔ Conversion Rate

4. Social Media Marketing (SMM)

SMM involves promoting brands through Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and TikTok.

Social Media Strategy

1. Define Goals (Brand Awareness, Engagement, Sales)

2. Target Audience Research

3. Create Engaging Content (Reels, Stories, Posts, Videos)

4. Use Hashtags & Trends

5. Monitor Analytics (Facebook Insights, Instagram Analytics)

Social Media Tools

• Buffer, Hootsuite (Scheduling)

• Canva (Graphic Design)

• Meta Business Suite (FB & Insta Ads)

5. Content Marketing

Content marketing involves creating valuable content to attract customers.

Types of Content

✔ Blog Posts
✔ Infographics
✔ E-books
✔ Videos & Webinars
✔ Podcasts

Content Marketing Strategy

1. Identify Target Audience

2. Create SEO-Optimized Content

3. Use Storytelling & Visuals

4. Promote via Social Media & Email Marketing

5. Track Performance (Google Analytics, Ahrefs)

6. Email Marketing

Email marketing is used for lead generation, promotions, and customer retention.

Types of Email Campaigns

✔ Newsletters
✔ Promotional Emails
✔ Welcome Emails
✔ Abandoned Cart Emails
✔ Re-engagement Emails

Best Practices

• Use personalized subject lines

• Keep emails mobile-friendly

• Include a CTA (Call-to-Action)

• Segment email lists for better targeting

Email Marketing Tools

• Mailchimp

• ConvertKit

• GetResponse

7. Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing is where companies pay commissions to affiliates for referring customers.

How Affiliate Marketing Works

1. Sign up for an Affiliate Program (Amazon, ClickBank, ShareASale)

2. Get a unique referral link

3. Promote through blogs, social media, YouTube

4. Earn a commission on every sale

Popular Affiliate Programs

• Amazon Associates

• Flipkart Affiliate

• ShareASale

• CJ Affiliate

8. Influencer Marketing

Brands collaborate with social media influencers to promote products.

Types of Influencers

✔ Mega Influencers (1M+ Followers)
✔ Macro Influencers (100K–1M Followers)
✔ Micro Influencers (10K–100K Followers)
✔ Nano Influencers (<10K Followers)

How to Run an Influencer Campaign

1. Identify Relevant Influencers

2. Negotiate Pricing & Deliverables

3. Track Performance (Engagement, Clicks, Sales)

9. Video Marketing

Video content increases engagement and conversions.

Popular Video Platforms

• YouTube

• Instagram Reels

• TikTok

• Facebook Video

Types of Video Content

✔ Product Demos
✔ Testimonials
✔ Behind-the-Scenes
✔ Webinars
✔ Live Streaming

YouTube SEO Best Practices

• Use high-ranking keywords in title & description

• Add captions & thumbnails

• Encourage likes, shares, and comments

10. Digital Marketing Tools

SEO & Analytics

• Google Analytics

• Google Search Console

• Ahrefs

• SEMrush

Social Media Management

• Buffer

• Hootsuite

• Meta Business Suite

Email Marketing

• Mailchimp

• ConvertKit

• HubSpot

Design & Content Creation

• Canva

• Adobe Photoshop

• ChatGPT (for AI-generated content)

11. Measuring & Optimizing Digital Marketing Campaigns

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

A/B Testing

• Test different ads, emails, landing pages to see what works best.

12. Summary

1. Introduction to Graphic Design

Graphic design is visual communication using typography, images, colors, and layout to convey messages effectively. It is used in branding, marketing, advertising, and digital media.

Fields of Graphic Design

✔ Branding & Logo Design
✔ Print Design (Brochures, Flyers, Magazines)
✔ Web & UI/UX Design
✔ Social Media Graphics
✔ Packaging Design
✔ Motion Graphics

2. Principles of Graphic Design

1. Balance

• Symmetrical Balance – Equal weight on both sides.

• Asymmetrical Balance – Uneven but visually balanced.

2. Contrast

• Difference between elements (color, size, shape) to make key aspects stand out.

3. Alignment

• Organizing elements in a structured way for better readability.

4. Repetition

• Consistency in fonts, colors, and patterns to create a unified look.

5. Proximity

• Grouping related elements together to create relationships.

6. White Space (Negative Space)

• Empty areas that improve readability and focus.

3. Color Theory in Graphic Design

Primary Colors: Red, Blue, Yellow

Secondary Colors: Green, Orange, Purple

Tertiary Colors: Mix of Primary & Secondary

Color Schemes:

✔ Monochromatic – Different shades of the same color.
✔ Analogous – Colors next to each other on the color wheel.
✔ Complementary – Opposite colors (e.g., Blue & Orange).
✔ Triadic – Three evenly spaced colors (e.g., Red, Yellow, Blue).

Color Psychology in Design

• Red – Energy, Passion, Urgency (Used in Sales & Fast Food).

• Blue – Trust, Calm, Professionalism (Used in Corporate & Tech Brands).

• Green – Nature, Health, Growth (Used in Organic & Finance Brands).

• Yellow – Happiness, Optimism (Used in Attention-Grabbing Ads).

4. Typography in Graphic Design

Typography is the art of arranging text for readability and impact.

Types of Fonts:

✔ Serif Fonts (e.g., Times New Roman) – Traditional, Professional.
✔ Sans-serif Fonts (e.g., Arial, Helvetica) – Modern, Clean.
✔ Script Fonts (e.g., Pacifico) – Elegant, Handwritten.
✔ Display Fonts (e.g., Impact, Bebas Neue) – Decorative, Bold.

Typography Rules:

• Use max 2-3 fonts per design.

• Ensure readability (Avoid decorative fonts in paragraphs).

• Hierarchy matters (Headings should be bold & large).

5. Graphic Design Tools

1. Adobe Creative Suite

✔ Adobe Photoshop – Image Editing & Retouching.
✔ Adobe Illustrator – Vector Graphics & Logos.
✔ Adobe InDesign – Print & Editorial Design.

2. Free & Online Tools

✔ Canva – Social Media Graphics, Presentations.
✔ Figma – UI/UX Design & Wireframing.
✔ GIMP – Free Photoshop Alternative.
✔ Pixlr – Online Image Editing.

6. Layout & Composition

1. Grid System

• Helps align elements properly.

• Common grids: Rule of Thirds, Golden Ratio.

2. Visual Hierarchy

• Guides the viewer’s eye using size, contrast, color.

3. Focal Points

• The main element that grabs attention.

7. Branding & Logo Design

1. Logo Types

✔ Wordmark – Text-based (Google, Coca-Cola).
✔ Lettermark – Initials (IBM, HBO).
✔ Icon/Symbol – Graphic-only (Apple, Nike).
✔ Combination Mark – Text + Symbol (Burger King, Adidas).
✔ Emblem – Badges, Crests (Starbucks, Harley-Davidson).

2. Logo Design Principles

✔ Simple
✔ Memorable
✔ Versatile
✔ Timeless
✔ Relevant

8. Image Editing & Retouching

✔ Cropping & Resizing – Adjusting image size.
✔ Color Correction – Fixing brightness, contrast, saturation.
✔ Clipping Path & Background Removal – Isolating subjects.
✔ Blending & Layering – Using multiple images seamlessly.

9. Print vs Digital Design

Print Design (CMYK)

• Used for flyers, business cards, posters.

• Uses high-resolution (300 DPI).

Digital Design (RGB)

• Used for social media, websites, ads.

• Uses lower resolution (72 DPI).

10. File Formats in Graphic Design

✔ JPEG (JPG) – Compressed image, used for web.
✔ PNG – Transparent background images.
✔ SVG – Scalable vector format (best for logos).
✔ PDF – Used for print and document sharing.
✔ PSD (Photoshop) – Editable design files.
✔ AI (Illustrator) – Vector graphics format.

11. Motion Graphics & Animation

✔ Adobe After Effects – Motion Graphics & Video Editing.
✔ Lottie & SVG Animations – Lightweight web animations.
✔ GIFs & Short Videos – Used for social media engagement.

12. Summary Table

🎞 1. Introduction to Video Editing

Video editing is the process of manipulating and arranging video footage, audio, transitions, and effects to create a final film or video.
Used in:

• YouTube videos

• Short films

• Advertisements

• Vlogs

• Reels/Shorts

🧰 2. Common Video Editing Software

✂️ 3. Basic Video Editing Terminology

🧱 4. Basic Editing Workflow

1. Import Media – Bring in videos, images, audio

2. Organize Files – Label and sort in folders

3. Trim & Arrange Clips – On timeline

4. Add Transitions & Effects

5. Insert Text, Titles, Lower Thirds

6. Adjust Audio – Music, dialogues, noise reduction

7. Color Correction & Grading

8. Export & Share

🎨 5. Transitions & Effects

Common Transitions

• Fade In / Fade Out

• Dissolve / Crossfade

• Wipe

• Zoom

Popular Effects

• Speed Up / Slow Motion

• Reverse Video

• Green Screen (Chroma Key)

• Blur Background

• Glitch, VHS, Old Film

🖌 6. Text & Titles

• Add Title Cards, Subtitles, and Lower Thirds

• Use Fonts and Animations to enhance visibility

• Popular tools: Premiere Pro Essential Graphics, CapCut Text Templates

🔈 7. Audio Editing in Video

• Add Background Music

• Use Fade In/Out for smooth transitions

• Voiceovers: Record narration

• Remove noise with tools like:

  • Adobe Audition

  • Audacity

  • Noise reduction plugins

🎚 8. Color Correction & Grading

Color Correction

✔ Fix exposure, white balance, contrast, saturation
✔ Tools: Lumetri Color (Premiere Pro), Color Wheels (Resolve)

Color Grading

✔ Add mood/style (e.g., cinematic, vintage, neon)
✔ Use LUTs (Look-Up Tables) for consistency

📐 9. Aspect Ratios & Resolutions

📦 10. Export Settings

Common Formats

• MP4 (H.264) – Widely supported

• MOV – High quality (Apple devices)

• AVI – Less compression, larger size

Export Tips

• Frame Rate: 24 fps (cinematic), 30 fps (standard), 60 fps (smooth motion)

• Bitrate: Affects quality and file size

• Always export in High Quality for uploads

🧠 11. Tips for Great Video Editing

• Keep cuts tight and meaningful

• Match audio with visuals

• Use B-roll footage to hide cuts

• Avoid overusing transitions

• Tell a story, not just effects

• Watch with fresh eyes before exporting

🔑 12. Keyboard Shortcuts (Premiere Pro Example)

✅ 13. Video Editing Project Structure

1. Footage (Raw videos)

2. Audio (Music, voiceover)

3. Graphics (Titles, overlays)

4. Edits (Project files)

5. Exports (Final videos)

Keep your project organized in folders for better efficiency.

📚 14. Summary Cheat Sheet

1. Introduction to Tally

Tally is an accounting software used for bookkeeping, GST, payroll, and financial management. The latest version is Tally Prime (previously Tally ERP 9).

Features of Tally

✔ Accounting & Finance Management
✔ GST & Taxation
✔ Inventory Management
✔ Payroll Processing
✔ Banking & Reconciliation
✔ Multi-Currency & Multi-User Support

2. Basics of Tally

Main Components of Tally

• Gateway of Tally – The main menu for accessing features.

• Ledger – Used to record transactions (Cash, Bank, Sales, Purchases).

• Voucher – Entry system for transactions (Payment, Receipt, Contra).

• Groups – Classification of Ledgers (Assets, Liabilities, Income, Expenses).

Tally Shortcut Keys

3. Company Creation in Tally

Steps to Create a Company

1. Open Tally and click Create Company.

2. Enter Company Name, Address, Financial Year, Currency.

3. Enable GST, VAT, or other tax settings if required.

4. Save and start recording transactions.

Company Features in Tally

✔ Maintain Accounts & Inventory
✔ Enable GST, TDS, VAT
✔ Multi-Currency Transactions

4. Ledgers & Groups

What is a Ledger?

A Ledger is an account used to record transactions.

Default Groups in Tally

How to Create a Ledger?

1. Go to Gateway of Tally → Accounts Info → Ledgers → Create

2. Enter Ledger Name (e.g., Cash, Bank, Rent).

3. Select Group (e.g., Bank Account, Expenses).

4. Save and use in transactions.

5. Vouchers in Tally

A Voucher is a document used to record financial transactions.

Types of Vouchers

Example of a Sales Entry

1. Go to Gateway of Tally → Accounting Vouchers → F8 (Sales)

2. Select the Party (Customer Name)

3. Select the Sales Ledger

4. Enter Amount, GST (if applicable)

5. Save the entry.

6. Inventory Management in Tally

Tally helps manage stock, purchases, and sales.

Key Inventory Features

✔ Stock Groups & Stock Items
✔ Units of Measurement
✔ Stock Categories & Batches
✔ Reorder Levels & Godown Management

Creating Stock Items

1. Go to Gateway of Tally → Inventory Info → Stock Items → Create

2. Enter Item Name, Unit (kg, pcs), GST Rate

3. Save and use in sales/purchase vouchers.

7. GST in Tally

Tally supports GST (Goods & Services Tax) calculations.

How to Enable GST in Tally?

1. Go to Features (F11) → Enable GST

2. Enter GST Number, State, Tax Type (Regular/Composition)

3. Set GST Rates for Items (5%, 12%, 18%)

4. Save and start GST billing.

Creating a GST Invoice

✔ Use Sales Voucher (F8)
✔ Enter GST Ledger
✔ Check Tax Calculation Automatically
✔ Print Tax Invoice for Customers

GST Reports in Tally

✔ GSTR-1 (Sales Returns)
✔ GSTR-2 (Purchase Returns)
✔ GSTR-3B (Monthly Summary)

8. Payroll Management in Tally

Tally helps manage salaries, PF, ESI, and payslips.

Payroll Setup in Tally

1. Enable Payroll in Features (F11)

2. Create Employee Masters

3. Define Salary Structure (Basic, HRA, Allowances, Deductions)

4. Process Payroll Entries & Generate Payslips

9. Bank Reconciliation in Tally

Tally helps match bank transactions with statements.

Steps for Bank Reconciliation

1. Go to Banking → Reconciliation

2. Select Bank Ledger

3. Match Tally Transactions with Bank Entries

4. Save and Generate Report

10. Financial Reports in Tally

Tally provides various financial reports for analysis.

Important Reports

✔ Balance Sheet – Shows assets & liabilities.
✔ Profit & Loss Statement – Business income vs expenses.
✔ Trial Balance – All ledgers balance check.
✔ Cash Flow Statement – Cash Inflow & Outflow.

11. Tally Security & Data Backup

Tally allows user security and data protection.

✔ Set User Roles & Permissions
✔ Enable Tally Vault (Password Protection)
✔ Take Backup Regularly (Path: Gateway → Backup)
✔ Restore Data When Needed

12. Summary Table

📌 1. Excel Basics Refresher

Before diving into advanced concepts, be clear with:

• Cells, Rows, Columns

• Formatting (bold, alignment, color)

• Basic Formulas: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MIN, MAX

📊 2. Important Excel Functions (Advanced)

Math Functions

Text Functions

Logical Functions

Lookup & Reference

📋 3. Data Validation & Drop-Downs

• Restrict user input with data validation

• Create drop-down lists using:
  Data → Data Validation → List

📈 4. Charts & Visualization

Types of Charts:

Tips:

✔ Use design and format tabs to customize.
✔ Add data labels for clarity.

🧮 5. Pivot Tables & Pivot Charts

• Summarize large data sets.

• Drag fields into Rows, Columns, Values, Filters

• Apply slicers for dynamic filtering

• Convert Pivot into Pivot Charts for visuals

🗂 6. Conditional Formatting

• Highlight cells based on conditions

• Examples:

  • Cells > 100 = green

  • Text contains “Error” = red

How to Use:

Home → Conditional Formatting → New Rule

📆 7. Date & Time Functions

🧹 8. Data Cleaning Techniques

• Remove Duplicates → Data Tab

• Text to Columns → Split cell contents

• Flash Fill → Smart fill patterns

• Find & Replace → Quick edits

• Go To Special → Select blanks, formulas, etc.

🔐 9. Protecting Data

• Lock Cells: Format → Protection

• Protect Sheet: Review Tab → Protect Sheet

• Password Protection: Save file with password

🔄 10. Automation with Macros (VBA)

• Automate tasks with recorded macros

• Use Developer Tab → Record Macro

• Write VBA code for custom solutions

Example VBA:

📚 11. Useful Keyboard Shortcuts